Consider the Source

The Optical Cavity Furnace is a relatively new type of furnace that uses light and optics rather than other sources to create silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) cells. The new process uses only half the amount of energy to make conventional PVs.
The recent innovation uses a series of lamps in a reflective chamber to create temperature uniformity at high-heat levels throughout the chamber. It’s so uniform that, when heated up to 1,000 degrees Celsius, the entire furnace interior only varies by a few degrees. The heat is used to convert silicon wafers into fully functional photovoltaic cells.
Light Has Multiple Advantages in Furnaces. Photons have special qualities that prove useful in creating solar cells. When light is shined on silicon atoms that are bonded electronically to each other it changes their potential.
The Optical Cavity Furnace shines visible and near-infrared light to heat the solar cell, and also shines ultraviolet light to take advantage of photonic effects that occur deep within the atomic structure of the cell material. This combination offers unique capabilities that lead to improved device quality and efficiency.
Iron and other impurities can degrade the silicon quality quickly. But shining the right light on it can remove that impurity from the silicon. Optics can also make a lot of things happen at the interfaces in a cell, where, for example, metal can reflect the light and speed the diffusion of impurities. The lamps in the furnace help fool the impurities in the silicon into moving out of the way, by creating vacancies.
Bhushan Sopori, NREL Principal Engineer said “We call it injecting vacancies.” A vacancy refers to the lack of a silicon atom. “If the atom is missing, you have a vacancy here, an empty space.” Those spaces prompt the impurities such as iron to feel much more like moving – and they do so at a much lower temperature than would otherwise be required. The iron moves in with the aluminum, creating an aluminum-iron mix that, happily, is needed anyway as a contact point.
Removing impurities can change a cell’s efficiency from 13 percent to 17 percent. What that means is that 17 percent of the photons that hit the improved cell are converted into usable electricity.
The absence of cooling water and confinement of energy in the OCF proves to be a big advantage for lowering the energy payback time of solar cells.
Other advantages of the photonic approach:
Silicon cells often have silver contacts in front and aluminum contacts in back. They usually are fired simultaneously as the cell is being formed. The OCF by selectively heating the interfaces of silicon and metal can better control the process, and thus create stronger field surfaces and improved cell performance.
The Optical Cavity Furnace uses photons of light to remove weak, cracked wafers from the processing line. Photons can more easily produce a thermal stress in a wafer and screen out bad wafers. The photon process tests the wafers’ integrity right after they are cut. The conventional method requires physical twisting and bending of the wafers to test for weakness.
“Its main purpose is to process the wafers into solar cells. We have developed the furnace configurations for major steps used in silicon solar cell fabrication, junction formation, oxidation, and metallization firing,” Sopori said.
Consider the Source

The lamps of yesteryear, incandescents, produce light when electricity heats a thin filament. This causes it to glow. The quality of light is pleasing to many. But the lamps only last about 1,500 hours at best. They’re also inefficient. Roughly 90 percent of the energy is emitted as heat rather than light. Full,  partial, or pending bans on incandescants are now in effect for much of the world, including the European Union. So, for now, expect incandescents to become harder to find.
At present the most widely used alternative to incandescents is the spiral-shaped compact fluorescent lamp, or CFL. It is filled with gas that creates light when electrons from the power source flow into the tube and collide with the gas excitable molecules. CFLs have acquired a bad reputation. There were exaggerated longevity claims, the bulbs don’t dim, they produce an unappealing color, and they contain toxic mercury.
Enter the future. LEDs are digital, they are easier to dispose of, and they last longer. They are following an innovation curve akin to other high-tech items like computers and digital cameras. LEDs are semiconductors, and like all solid-state technology, they tend to get better and cheaper as time passes. Organic LEDs, or OLEDs, have carbon based diodes. These lights could be powered for decades on a single small battery. They could be produced on flexible plastic sheets to hang virtually anywhere. They also don’t require an old fashioned socket. For this reason, developing nations are likely to be the first adopters, with Europe and the US playing catch-up.
Consider the Source

Make the stove and the insulating bricks.

Deciding to live in a tiny house involves making some big lifestyle choices. You’ll need to be happy with minimal belongings — hoarders need not apply. But cozy quarters also offer huge advantages. Tiny houses are far more affordable than standard-size houses. Most owners of tiny homes live mortgage-free. The lower building costs allow many people to pay cash upfront. Monthly costs — such as for heating, cooling and lighting — are relatively low.
Aevia — Consider the Source

Understanding the Causes of Fungi Growth in Building Structures

Mold – What is it? Where is it found? Why the Concern?

Molds are microscopic fungi that live on organic matter. Most molds produce spores, which can be air-borne, water-borne, or insect-borne and are highly adapted to grow and rapidly reproduce under the right conditions. Mold spores are found in virtually every environment indoors and outdoors, and as a result, we all encounter mold spores daily. These spores may enter homes and buildings through air infiltration such as windows, doors, heating, ventilation, air conditioning systems, or by attaching themselves to people, clothing, and pets thus bringing mold spores indoors. You could also get redirected here for help with getting your air conditioner fixed. Mold spores are ready to spring to life as a growing colony if they are provided with three primary conditions: A temperature range between 47-120 degrees F. Nutrients (something to eat- organic matter). Moisture/Water. Two of these three supporting conditions for mold growth (temperature and nutrients) are a part of most buildings. Regarding temperature, our buildings are kept at temperatures that can encourage mold reproduction. Regarding nutrients, our buildings are built with and furnished with suitable organic nutrients that encourage mold to grow. An example of suitable organic materials which could provide nutrients for mold growth include: carpet, fabric, upholstery, paper and paper products,

cardboard, ceiling tiles, drywall, wood, and wood products, dust, paints, and wallpaper. The missing ingredient in most buildings for mold growth is moisture/water.Given humid or wet conditions, molds will naturally grow in an indoor environment. In Canadian homes over 270 species of mold have been identified.1 It’s not that all molds are bad, they can be useful to people, for example, Penicillin is obtained from a mold. Nor does mold exposure always present a health problem indoors. According to a Questions & Answers Fact Sheet from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on Stachybotrys chartarum and other molds, they reported, “There are very few case reports that toxic molds (those containing certain mycotoxins) inside homes can cause unique or rare, health conditions such as pulmonary hemorrhage or memory loss. These case reports are rare, and a causal link between the presence of the toxic mold and these conditions has not been proven.” 2 With this in mind it is important to understand there are potential health effects from mold in homes and buildings that might pose health problems to people sensitive to molds. Because two of the three conditions for mold growth exist in our homes, mold growth can occur where there is excessive moisture, such as where leakage may have occurred in walls, roofs, potted plants, or where there has been flooding.

The Truth about Mold Growth on Insulation

Highly publicized cases of mold growth in homes and buildings have led to confusion. For example, consider the nationally televised case in Dripping Springs, Texas where Stachybotrys mold growth resulted in a home being destroyed. In this case mold was growing on building materials such as drywall, the floor substrate and the fiberglass insulation, but the problem was not the building materials but the water, which led to the growth of the mold. Regarding this case, Dr. Straus appearing on 48 Hours said, “mold most commonly grows as a result of water damage.” One TV segment, showed workers in space suits removing mold contaminated fiberglass insulation batts with the voiceovers referring to mold growing on cellulose. While the term “cellulose” probably meant the kraft-faced backing on the fiberglass batts, or the dust in the fiberglass some took it to mean cellulose insulation even though there was none shown, only fiberglass!Here’s where the confusion comes, cellulose is a favorite nourishment for mold growth, while cellulose insulation does not promote mold growth. Cellulose is the primary cellular makeup of any wood product and can be found in: cardboard, ceiling tiles, drywall, dust, the kraft-facing on fiberglass insulation, etc.. The dictionary definition of cellulose is: “A polysaccharide (C6H10O5)n,of glucose units that constitutes the chief part of the cell walls of plants, occurs naturally in such fibrous products as cotton and kapok, and is the raw material of many manufactured goods (as paper, rayon, and cellophane)”3 Another recent cause for confusion was fostered by CertainTeed Corporation who was recently sued for misrepresentation about the St. Charles East High School near Chicago. The school was closed due to mold problems. The information distributed by CertainTeed was fabricated to make people believe the mold was the result of cellulose insulation wall-spray when, in fact, there was no cellulose insulation in the building–and the mold was on fiberglass!4 Under extreme conditions mold can grow on cellulose insulation, however if that were to occur mold would likely be growing on everything else in sight.

Jeffrey C. May author of “My House is Killing Me!” is a home inspector and is well known for his investigations into homes with poor indoor air quality. He wrote, “The DUST in all fiberglass insulation is an excellent source of mold nutrients… I find that approximately 70% of all unfaced basement ceiling and crawl space fiberglass is severely contaminated with growing mold…“ In a discussion about mold Jeffrey was asked, “What does your book say about cellulose insulation? How about wet spray cellulose insulation that is sprayed into wall cavities?” Jeffrey replied, “I have not looked at samples of wet sprayed material but I have looked at quite a few samples of blown-in ceiling and wall insulation.…I have yet to see a moldy cellulose insulation sample. …in general, blown-in cellulose insulation, surprisingly, is not found moldy.” 5 Both fiberglass and rockwool insulation (inorganic materials) have been tested. In the rockwool insulation tests showed enough nutrients to keep mold spores alive, probably from dust in the mineral fibers. In the fiberglass insulation mold growth was found but it could not be determined if it was growing on the binder or on the dirt collected within the insulation.6 To date the serious reported cases of mold growth in insulation have all involved fiberglass. The Insulation Contractors Report January/ February 2002 issue, in an article entitled, “Mold: The Enemy Within”, reported that, “Ninety-eight percent of the moisture that enters a building cavity and condenses is from an air leakage mechanism…. An airtight building will prevent moisture from entering the assembly…” 7 If this is true, then the cellulose-insulated building will provide a major inhibitor to mold growth because it significantly reduces air leakage and results in a more airtight building thus preventing moisture, which is needed for mold growth, from entering the assembly! According the University of Colorado study Fiberglass vs. Cellulose Installed Performance “Cellulose cuts air infiltration 38% better than fiberglass!”

Cellulose Wall-Spray

Cellulose Insulation Does Not Cause Moisture Problems

Cellulose Wall-Spray when installed should not be wet! Sometimes cellulose insulation wall-spray has been referred to as “wet-spray” (as in the quote below), but Cellulose Insulation Wall-Spray should not and does not need to be installed wet. When properly installed an accurate term to describe the product would be moist or damp.One important study of wall-spray clearly demonstrated that the moisture added during the installation of cellulose wall-spray does dry and does not cause moisture problems. Building Envelope Engineering in Calgary, Alberta has completed a full year detailed study of the “drying of wet-cellulose and the moisture content of wall framing and sheathing.” The construction of the home in the research consisted of 2×6 studs 16″ o.c. and the cellulose insulation was installed at 2.9 lb/ft3 density and 53% moisture content (wet weight)*.

The research results as reviewed in Energy Design Update stated, “A whole-house monitoring project of wet-spray cellulose has shown that when properly applied, the insulation can dry properly with or without a polyethylene vapor retarder and should not cause moisture problems in walls.”The review concluded with praise and a qualification- “the results of this study are certainly good news, showing that wet-sprayed walls will dry adequately even with a polyethylene vapor retarder installed…. These studies underscore the need for proper moisture loading during installation and perhaps extra consideration when wet-spray cellulose is used in humid climates, where the drying potential is limited.”8 *53% moisture is excessively high for Applegate trained professionals.

Mold Prevention & Control

Knowledge is Key for Preventing & Controlling Mold

Mold prevention strategies focus on moisture control. The presence of mold is a sign that there is too much moisture or water. Mold needs moisture to grow. Controlling the moisture and keeping the living area dry prevents the growth of mold. If we keep things dry, molds do not grow. It’s helpful to keep humidity levels indoors below 40%, at this level mold growth can be slowed and generally prevented unless there is a water leakage problem.9 According to the information available from the CDC “Questions and Answers Fact Sheet:” “What should people do if they determine they have Stachybotrys chartarum (Stachybotrys atra) in their buildings or homes? Mold growing in homes and buildings, whether it is Stachybotrys chartarum (Stachybotrys atra) or other molds, indicates that there is a problem with water or moisture. This is the first problem that needs to be addressed.” 10Regarding mold prevention and keeping our buildings dry it’s helpful to keep in the mind the sources that most commonly bring in or keep moisture in our homes and buildings.

These sources for moisture need to be understood, discovered and controlled they include: Ground water (including snow melt, rain) Humid air entering the home and condensing on cooler surface Interior moisture from human bodies, cooking, bathrooms, unvented clothes dryers, etc. 11 Keeping outdoor moisture and high humidity outside of our indoor living environment and exhausting interior high humidity to the outdoors will contribute to avoiding mold growth in our homes and buildings. If you discover mold inside what should you do? How do you get the molds out of buildings, including homes, schools, and places of employment? According to the National Center for Environmental Health, “In most cases mold can be removed by a thorough cleaning with bleach and water.” 12

Summary

To date the serious reported cases of mold growth in insulation have all involved fiberglass, but no insulation or building materials are in themselves the cause for mold growth.The key to stopping mold growth in our buildings is halting moisture; mold and fungus problems aren’t inherent in a building that is relatively dry. From Dan Lea, “The key point of all this is that mold is everywhere in the environment. Given

heat, moisture and organic material it will grow. Fiberglass and other inorganic materials quickly become coated with organic materials. Fiberglass contains no fungicidal additives, so it soon becomes a very hospitable environment for fungal growth because of air infiltration which may lead to moisture migration. All the misinformation spread by the fiberglass people and “experts” can’t change the basic fact that cellulose insulation does not cause problems with mold.

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Sources 1. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, About Your House. “The Condominium Owner’s Guide to Mold” 2. National Center for Environmental Health. “Stachybotrys Chartarum and Other Molds” www.cde.gov/nceh. 3. Webster; Merrion. “Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary” 1985. p. 220 4. Plache. CertainTeed Corporation, Valley Forge, PA “NOTICE” July 12, 2001

5. May. Indoor Air Quality, www.yahoogroups.com Dec. 7, 2001 6. Lea, Cellulose Manufacturers Association. “The Mold Saga” Jan. 3, 2002 7. Nicklas, Insulation Contractors Report. “Mold: The Enemy Within” Jan. 2002 p. 4 8. Nisson, Energy Design Update. “Moisture Control for Homes” 1997, p. 41 9. National Center for Environmental Health. “Molds in the Environment” www.cde.gov/nceh

10. National Center for Environmental Health. “Stachybotrys Chartarum www.cde.gov/nceh 11. Healthhouse. “Basement Moisture” www.healthhouse.org/tipsheets 12. National Center for Environmental Health. “Stachybotrys Chartarum and Other Molds” www.cde.gov/nceh p. 3 13. Lea, Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association. Personal Correspondence. Jan 2002

A social entrepreneur of the Philippines has come up with an ingenious solution for lighting problems in the low income areas. He uses plastic bottles to lighten up the dark homes of poor. The solution is green and cheap.

A small but informative book by author Mary James and titled “Recreating the American Home: The Passive House Approach” is replete with excellent photographs, floor plans and construction details to complement the well-written text. The book does a great job explaining the passive house approach to construction and describes each of the eight featured homes with a perfect balance of project background, builder motivation, economic considerations, technical details and final performance results.

Over the past 150 years, at least one Russian czar and several American entrepreneurs have devised plans for linking the continents.  William Gilpin (1813-1893), first Governor of the Territory of Colorado, proposed a rail link as early as 1849. Gilpin’s Isothermal Axis Theory is still used in the study of geopolitics. The idea at that time was to link the rail networks of the Americas, Asia and Europe.
In the late 1890s, E.H. Harriman of the Union Pacific Railroad envisaged a similar concept. The Trans-Siberian Railroad had recently been completed (c. 1900; 1903). Harriman’s vision included an 800-mile rail corridor from Alaska’s Cook Inlet to Cape Prince of Wales, where a rail-ferry crossing was also planned. “The Harriman Plan” was shelved due to the advent of the Russo-Japan War of 1904-05.
In 1942, the Bering crossing was resurrected as the ‘Delano initiative’ to provide matèrial to the USA’s then allies – the Russians. A rail corridor was surveyed (not for the first time) by the Army Corps of Engineers all the way along the Rocky Mountains trench as far as the Bering Strait region.
An intermodal East-West trade corridor evolved in the interim. The rail networks of North America and Siberia are now effectively linked by the shipping lanes between Seattle and Vladivostock.
In 1992, The Interhemispheric Bering Strait Tunnel & Railroad Group (IBSTRG) was formed to revisit the notion of a fixed transport link across the strait.
Aevia — Consider the Source (Slideshow)